Watering the Garden

March 25, 2014 By Four String Farm in How to Plant a Heritage Garden Tags: watering the garden 2 Comments

Kayla watering newly seeded garden bed, five feet wide. She is standing in between beds on leaf mulch pile that we will place on the bed after the seeds sprout.

In South Texas, we can go for weeks, or even months, without a single good rain. To survive, your plants depend entirely upon you for their water, and it helps to know how much and how often to water your garden.

The water needs of a garden can vary greatly in the extreme weather conditions of South Texas. The key to knowing when to water is to check the soil.

Ideally, the top five or six inches of soil should remain moist at all times. This top layer of soil is where most of the healthy bacteria and micro-organisms live, and they require even moisture to thrive.

The garden dries out from the top layer of soil on down. Use your finger to dig into the garden bed to check the amount and depth of moisture around the plants (see pictures below).

When it is time, water the soil slightly deeper than the lowest level of the roots. Watering past this point is simply wasting water. Let the soil mostly, but not completely, dry out, before watering again. This deep and infrequent watering promotes vigorous root growth by forcing the roots to reach into the soil seeking water.

It is best to water the soil, not the plants. In fact, most plants, like tomatoes, don’t like water on their leaves, which causes the leaves to turn yellow and wilt. Use the rain setting of your garden hose to drench the soil at the base of your plants, but not the plants themselves.

If possible, water the garden in the evening. Plants do a lot of their growing at night, and they need plenty of moisture in the soil to optimize their nighttime cellular functions. If you water during the morning, or even worse, at mid-day, you will lose a lot of water to evaporation and leave the soil dry during the night.

To prevent the soil from quickly drying out, add a thick, insulating layer of native leaf mulch around your plants. A thick layer of native leaf mulch can reduce the water needs of your garden by up to fifty percent.

As you dig into the soil to check the level of moisture, carefully observe the plants in your garden. You will quickly see the relationship between the health and appearance of your plants and the level of moisture in the soil. Your soil will tell you exactly how much, and how often, to water your garden.

Checking Soil Moisture, Step 1: Companion Bed with tomato transplant center left, cilantro far left, lettuce lower left, kolh rabi to right. Live oak leaf mulch.

Step 2: Dig finger 5 to 6 inches into bed to check amount and depth of soil moisture.

Step 3: This is day after a good soaking rain, soil is still wet–holds shape in a clump. No need to water today. You do not need to remove soil from the hole to check moisture, this handful of soil is for illustration only.

Step 4: Gently replace any soil and re-cover with native leaf mulch.

More Techniques for Growing Tomatoes

March 11, 2014 By Four String Farm in Heritage Farming, How to Plant a Heritage Garden 6 Comments

If you would like your own ripe, red tomatoes this summer, freshly-picked from your garden, the time to plant them is now.

In addition to companion planting, and growing in healthy soil, look for tomato varieties that will thrive in the brutal heat of a South Texas summer.

Tomato Varieties

Look for tomato varieties that 1) mature quickly, and 2) are tolerant of high heat. In South Texas, we go from freezing cold to burning hot very quickly. Tomatoes will not set fruit if the night-time soil temperature is below 55 degrees, or above 70 degrees. So, we need to make the most of the warming period between winter and summer to grow tomatoes.

Plant Early Girl, Cherry Sweet and Cherry 100, and Juliette; these will mature within 50 days and begin delivering tomatoes very quickly. Also plant heat-tolerant varieties, such as Solar Fire, Heatmaster, and Heatwave. These varieties produce when nighttime soil temperature is slightly above 70 degrees, and allow you to get tomatoes even when the weather gets very hot.

Rooting Down the Stem

Bury the tomato transplant deeply, about 2/3rds of the way into the ground. Each of the tiny hairs down the stem is a potential root, and planting the tomato deeply helps maximize the root strength of the plant. The more vigorous the root system, the more prolific the plant will be.

Homemade Wood Ash and Crushed Oyster Shells

Before you bury the transplant, throw a handful of homemade wood ash, and another handful of crushed oyster shells, into the bottom of the hole.

Wood ash is rich in potassium, and potassium helps unlock the sugar molecules in tomatoes. Homemade wood ash is the absolute secret weapon for growing the sweetest, most flavorful tomatoes. But use only wood ash from native trees; pecan, live oak, or mesquite.

Crushed oyster shells are rich in calcium; they help prevent blossom end rot in tomatoes, which is a common problem in South Texas gardens. After you bury the transplant, sprinkle another generous handful of wood ash and crushed oyster shells around the base of each tomato plant.

Crushed Oyster Shells and Homemade Wood Ash should touch roots

Corn Meal for Disease Control

Next, dust the plants with stone ground corn meal to prevent the fungal diseases that cause yellow or black spots on tomato leaves. Corn meal stimulates the natural microorganisms that eat and destroy fungal diseases. Grocery store corn meal won’t work on your plants because it’s too highly processed. Look for horticultural corn meal from a feed store or nursery.

Adding Live Oak Leaf Mulch

Native Leaf Mulch

Mulch your tomato plants thickly with native leaf mulch. Use leaves from live oak, pecan, or even mesquite trees, whatever you can easily rake up in your neighborhood. As the weather turns hotter, continue to add native leaf mulch until it is twelve inches thick over your plants. This ultra-thick layer of leaf mulch will keep the soil cool and moist, and keep your tomatoes producing even in the hottest weather.

Increasing Yields and Flavor

The average tomato plant yields about 5 to 20 pounds of tomatoes during a season. However, by using these ancient, inexpensive, and highly effective techniques, you can produce 50 pounds or more of delicious tomatoes from each of the plants in your garden.

Planting the Three Sisters

March 4, 2014 By Four String Farm in Heritage Farming, How to Plant a Heritage Garden, Three Sisters Gardening 6 Comments

Kayla with Harvest in a Three Sisters Garden

If you are ready to start your own garden, but aren’t sure where to begin, you might consider the Three Sisters method of planting. Now is the perfect time.

The Three Sisters is the Native American technique of inter-planting corn, beans, and squash. This method is an easy and sustainable way to grow a great deal of food on a very small space with minimal work or expense.

In a Three Sisters garden, the corn grows thick and tall. The bean vines climb the corn stalks as a trellis. Squash plants cover the soil as living green mulch. The plants don’t crowd one other. They actually grow better when planted together, than when planted separately.

Purple Bean Flowers on a Corn Stalk Trellis

Native American Indians grew a tremendous amount of food in these gardens without the use of a plow, and without any chemicals whatsoever. They used the same tools as a modern backyard gardener.

The Aztecs fed a crowded city of 200,000 people from their Three Sisters gardens. Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) was an island city on a lake when Cortez discovered the Aztec Empire in 1519. Between 60,000 and 100,000 people shopped the downtown farmers’ markets each week, with the vegetables carted down from thousands of small Three Sisters gardens ringing the city. Tenochtitlan was possibly the largest, most complex, and best-fed city in the world, rivaled only by Paris, when the Spaniards seized possession of it.

Pocahontas saved the colony at Jamestown by sending them corn, beans, and squash. When Captain Smith left the colony, she taught the technique to her new husband, John Rolfe, and he became the first great plantation owner in America. Pocahontas taught John Rolfe the secrets of Three Sisters agriculture, and also showed him how to grow and cure tobacco. Tobacco became the chief cash crop from the New World to the Old, and Three Sisters gardens fed the army of workers required to produce it.

Squanto taught this method to the Pilgrims. Three Sisters agriculture helped establish the colony at Plymouth Rock. In fact, the first Thanksgiving was celebrated with corn, beans, and squash. Following that first Thanksgiving, Governor Bradford gave each family their own plot of land, rather than all families cultivating a communal plot, as in Europe. Each family was free to grow their own Three Sisters gardens and to sell or trade their surplus.

The Mayflower Compact is considered to be the origins of democracy in America, and this act to privatize farming in Plymouth Rock is the birthplace of American capitalism. For the next 50 years, corn, beans, and squash constituted up to 70% or more of Pilgrims’ diet, and the trade of surplus produce allowed them build their practical wealth in the New World. Plymouth Rock, in a sense, was built on Three Sisters gardens.

Even a tiny three foot by three foot garden will produce with this method. Plant the corn and beans seeds on the corners of a 12 inch square, and plant the squash seeds along each straight line. This is a perfect starter garden for children.

To plant a one hundred square foot garden, prepare three garden rows, each ten feet long. Plant the corn and bean seeds together down each row, 12 inches apart. Plant the squash seeds in between these pairs, 24 inches apart. This little garden can produce 60 ears of sweet corn, 30 pounds of beans, and over 150 pounds of summer and winter squash. You can even grow melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, herbs and flowers in this garden.

Black Diamond Watermelons at Edge of a Three Sisters Garden; Bean Vines on Corn Stalk on Left

The Three Sisters were cultivated extensively across America until the early 1900’s, when industrial farm equipment replaced small-scale farmers. Vast chemical monocultures soon dominated the landscape, and the old ways of farming were forgotten.

The Three Sisters method is possibly the best-kept gardening secret in America, but you can use this method to pioneer your own space. The Three Sisters will happily make themselves at home in your garden.

Companion Planting with Tomatoes

February 25, 2014 By Four String Farm in How to Plant a Heritage Garden Tags: collards, companion planting, tomatoes 5 Comments

Collards Growing at the Base of Tomatoes. Hog Panel Trellis.

The sun is slowly heating up in the sky over South Texas, and the soil is ready for spring planting. Now is the time to get those tomatoes into the ground.

To achieve the greatest production from your tomato plants, you might consider companion planting.

Companion planting is the close spacing of two, three, or more plants together, where each plant helps and strengthens the others. Every plant in nature—every vegetable, herb, fruit, and flower—grows better when planted in the right combination with other plants.

Nature always strives to create diversity in plant life, and companion planting harnesses this productive power of nature and channels it into the garden.

The best companion for tomatoes is collard greens. Plant four collards closely spaced around the base of each tomato, and continue this pattern down the row. The leaves of the collards will grow together and form a dense canopy over the soil. This canopy preserves soil moisture, prevents weeds, and provides a sanctuary for beneficial predators–frogs, toads, lizards, and lady bugs.

Collards emit a subtle odor that repels many of the insect pests that attack tomatoes. The tomatoes will vine thickly up their trellis and offer much-needed shade to the collards, while the collards keep the soil at the feet of the tomatoes nice and cool. And best of all, you can harvest your collards along with your tomatoes all through the hot summer season.

Marigolds make excellent companions for tomatoes. Densely plant a couple dozen marigolds around the base of each tomato plant. The perfume of marigolds pushes nematodes away from the roots of your tomatoes. And the vibrant yellow and orange flowers set a colorful stage for the lush green tomato vines.

Dill, basil, and cilantro are also excellent companions for tomatoes. Plant these herbs generously throughout the tomato bed and let them go to flower. These herbs are beautiful, edible, and their aroma repels many insect pests from the garden.

The best combination of all is to plant collards, marigolds, and herbs all together throughout your tomato bed. The plants will not crowd each other. Instead, they will work together to maximize the beauty, fragrance, pest resistance, and food production in every square inch of your garden.

Collards Companion Planted with Tomatoes

Join Me next Tuesday, Feb 4, at 7:00pm, at the South Texas Botanical Gardens!

January 28, 2014 By Four String Farm in Heritage Farming, How to Plant a Heritage Garden 2 Comments

Bee Pollinating Sunflower

Friends, join me for a unique and interesting discussion about bees next Tuesday, Feb 4, from 7:00pm to 7:30pm. The event is sponsored by the Coastal Bend Audubon Society and will be held at the South Texas Botanical Gardens, 8545 South Staples, Corpus Christi, 78413. View map.

This event is free and open to the public. All ages welcome!

Thank you friends for spreading the word about this event. Please support the Audubon Society with your presence at this free event. The Coastal Bend Audubon Society is dedicated to a culture of conservation and the appreciation and stewardship of our natural resources.

This presentation, “Bees Seen through a Gardener’s Eyes”, will focus on how pollination works, the electric fields of flowers, attracting bees to your garden year-round, and a little about wasps as well.

“Bees Seen through a Gardener’s Eyes” with Justin Butts

What: A presentation about bees and how to bring them to your garden.

When: Tuesday, Feb 4, from 7:00pm to 7:30pm.

Where: South Texas Botanical Gardens, 8545 South Staples, Corpus Christi, 78413. The meeting will be held in the classrooms to the left of the entrance of the Botanical Gardens.

Who: All ages are welcome!

The Scent of a Radish

December 10, 2013 By Four String Farm in Heritage Farming, How to Plant a Heritage Garden Tags: natural pest control, radish 9 Comments

A Harvest of Radishes

Freshly-picked radishes can be spicy, sweet, flavorful, and delicious. Unfortunately, the all-you-can-eat salad bars of the 1980’s ruined radishes for most of us. But even if you don’t like to eat them, radishes can play an important role in your garden.

Radishes were first cultivated in China, and they were carried along the ancient Silk Road to Rome, and then northward throughout Europe. The Conquistadors and the Pilgrims brought radishes to the New World in the holds of their ships, and pioneer settlers carried them west. I first learned the value of radishes in the lush gardens of Japan, where daikon is a dietary staple.

Radishes for Pest Control

On our farm, we grow radishes primarily for pest control. The scent of a radish repels and confuses pest insects. To protect your delicate winter greens from bugs, companion plant a variety of radishes liberally throughout the garden.

You can also plant a thick line of radishes across the width of your garden beds every few feet down the rows. Plant your greens and carrots and broccoli right up to the line of radishes on either side. The radishes will form walls, or barriers, to trap insects into confined areas, where they are easier to eliminate.

Whether you need to remove your bad bugs by hand (the pinch method), or spray them with Bt (a natural treatment for caterpillars), pests are easier to find and do less damage when they are confined in your radish “bug traps”. Also, beneficial predators seem to have an easier time hunting pests when they are trapped in confined areas.

Purple Radish Flowers

Bees and Beneficial Predators

Mature radish plants offer a brilliant display of pink, purple, and white flowers, and radishes are the one plant we can count on to flower in the coldest weather, even when they are covered with frost. The flowers serve as a beacon to draw bees and beneficial predators into the garden, especially when they are the only flowers blooming in the bleak winter landscape.

Radishes Help Chickens Make Delicious and Nutritious Eggs

If you leave them in the ground long enough, radish roots can grow up to ten or fifteen pounds. I harvest these huge bushy radishes and feed them to our laying hens, and the hens devour them, root, stalk, and all. Radishes are an inexpensive and highly nutritious food source for our chickens during the winter, when green material is scarce—and radishes help chickens produce exquisitely delicious eggs.

Laying Hens Enjoying Radishes

Varieties of Radishes

The standard varieties for radishes are cherry bell, scarlet globe, white icicle, sparkler white tip, and long scarlet, but there are dozens of varieties to choose from. Plant as many different types as you can find, because different varieties are better at resisting different types of pests, and you might even find some tasty radishes that you like to eat.

Daikon is a Japanese radish with a wonderful flavor, and there are many exotic radish varieties from the Orient with incredible flavor. The quicker you harvest radishes once they mature, the sweeter the flavor; and the longer you leave them in the ground, the hotter and more pungent they become. I realize that with radishes “sweet” is a relative term–not sweet compared to chocolate bars and strawberry sodas, but sweet enough when they are the first taste of out your winter garden.

Kimmi of Coastal Bend Health Foods with a Bunch of Radishes

Eating and Cooking Radishes

Every part of a radish plant is edible, and the flowers are a unique delicacy. Shake the radish plant over a bowl to catch the flowers, and sprinkle them on salads and meat dishes. Radish roots are best pickled or roasted with other root vegetables, like carrots and parsnips.

Successively Planting Summer Vegetables with Radishes

If you plant radishes now, in mid-December, they will be ready just after the New Year, and the scent of your radishes will protect the garden for the rest of the winter.

On the first day of March, when your radishes are dripping with fragrant flowers, pull them out of the ground, and simply drop your tomato, eggplant, and pepper transplants into the open holes. Cover the new transplants with compost, and keep your garden going through the spring and summer.

Pull this 15 lb radish, feed it to the chickens, and plant a tomato in its place. Notice the T-post for the tomato trellis is already in the ground. We put the posts in when we plant the winter garden, so it is easier to transition it to a summer garden later on.

Planting by the Phases of the Moon

October 29, 2013 By Four String Farm in How to Plant a Heritage Garden 4 Comments

Full Moon over Four String Farm

For most of human history, farmers have looked to the night sky, to the phases of the moon, to know when to plant their fields.

The Ancient Egyptians planted their crops in the rich sediment of the Nile Delta according to the phases of the moon. The great Roman historian, Pliny the Elder, wrote about the moon’s extensive influence over Roman agriculture.

In Africa, China, and the far reaches of the frozen north, areas developing separately and in complete isolation, the moon governed planting cycles. The Mayan Indians, long before they were reached by Spanish Conquistadores, planted their gardens by the phases of the moon.

Benjamin Franklin published the lunar calendar in Poor Richard’s Almanac to help Colonial farmers plan their plantings. Our Founding Fathers followed the phases of the moon in their gardens.

In modern times, some folks say planting by the moon is folklore, but some farmers swear by it. On our farm, we plant by the lunar cycle when possible, but usually we are happy to get our seeds into the ground any time our busy schedule allows.

The fact is, seeds will grow perfectly well any time of the month they are planted. But if you want to know more about how to capitalize on the magnetic and gravitational impact of the moon on your garden, agricultural scholars Alan Chadwick and John Jeavons offer some insights. Here is what they tell us:

Alan Chadwick and John Jeavons, courtesy Grow Bio-Intensive

The new moon is the first day of the lunar cycle. When the moon is new, or dark, it exerts a strong gravitational pull on the earth, and tides are high. The groundwater level beneath the soil is lifted the same way tides are lifted, and in this gravitational pull the roots of plants experience a growth spurt.

The new moon, or dark moon, is the best time of the month to plant short germinating seeds and extra-long germinating seeds. Short-germinating seeds sprout in one to seven days. Most garden vegetables are considered short-germinating. Extra-long germinating seeds sprout in seven to twenty-one days. Eggplant, peppers, and parsley are extra-long germinating seeds.

During the first week of the lunar cycle, plants experience a balanced rate of growth between the roots and the leaves.

However, during the second week of the lunar cycle, as the moon becomes full, the leaves of the plants grow at a rapid rate in the bright moonlight. The leaves grow at a faster rate than the roots, which set down strong legs during the first week of the lunar cycle to allow the plant to “reach to sky” during the full moon.

The full moon is the best time to plant long-germinating seeds, which take eight to twenty-one days to sprout, such as basil, okra, and parsnips. The full moon is also the best time to plant your transplants into the garden.

The third week of the lunar cycle, as the moon is waning and gravitation pull strengthens, plant roots experience another growth spurt, while leaf growth remains relatively static.

Finally, during the last seven days of the lunar cycle, as the moon goes dark and gravitation pull falls away, plants experience a time of balanced rest, where the rate of growth slows in both roots and leaves, and then a new lunar cycle begins.

In North America, the next new moon, or dark moon, occurs this Sunday. You certainly don’t have to plant your seeds by the lunar cycle to be successful. But if you do, you can feel reassured knowing you are backed by thousands of years of gardening tradition.

Gardening Class at Moore than Feed, Saturday, October 19

October 10, 2013 By Four String Farm in How to Plant a Heritage Garden Leave a comment

Kayla Planting Seeds with a Trellis Template

Friends, join me for a gardening class on Saturday, October 19, from 10:00am to noon. This class will be held at Moore than Feed, 902 W. Market Street, Rockport, TX.

The gardening classes at Moore than Feed are a lot of fun. The outdoor classroom is a wonderful venue with plenty of seating. At this class, there will be a hands-on demonstration of how to plant a winter garden: preparing the soil, what to plant, sowing the seeds, watering the garden, fertilizing, and more.

We will show how to use a trellis template to create intensive rows of companion plants. We will also show how to use the design of the garden–the arrangement and selection of plants–to control for pests.

Moore than Feed Outdoor Classroom

We will begin the class with bare Rockport dirt, and end the class with a winter garden successfully planted, and answer all your questions in the process.

This event is free and open to the public. Gardeners of all ages and skill levels are welcome. Even if you have never planted a seed, you will go home with the knowledge and materials to start your own successful winter garden.

What: A Winter Gardening Class with Justin Butts

Where: Moore than Feed, 902 W. Market Street, Rockport, TX (361) 729-4909

When: Saturday, October 19, from 10:00am to noon

Who: All gardeners of all ages!

Winter Gardening Class Next Wednesday

August 10, 2013 By Four String Farm in Chemical Free Pest Control, Heritage Farming, How to Plant a Heritage Garden Tags: gardening class, winter garden 5 Comments

Radish Flowers

You are invited to a winter gardening class with Justin Butts next Wednesday, August 14, from 10:00am to 12:30pm. The class will be held at the Aransas County Extension office at 892 Airport Road in Rockport, TX 78382.

This class is sponsored by Texas A&M AgriLife Extension and the Master Gardeners of Aransas County.

Winter is a wonderful time to garden in South Texas with beautiful weather, bountiful vegetables, and minimal pest problems. Join us to discover the chemical-free methods we use on our farm to grow healthy, delicious, and prolific produce.

Call the Aransas County Agricultural Extension Office at 361-790-0103 for more information, or go to http://aransas.agrilife.org for more information. There is a $10 registration fee for this class.

The class will be held indoors in the state of the art classroom facility at the Aransas County Extension Office. The class will focus on: 1) preparing the soil for a Fall/Winter garden, 2) companion planting from seed to maximize yield and variety, and 3) controlling pests naturally.

Gardeners of all ages and skill levels are welcome. Even if you have never planted a seed, you will go home with the knowledge to start your own successful winter garden.

What: “Winter Gardening Class” with Justin Butts

When: Wednesday, August 14, from 10:00am to 12:30pm.

Where: Aransas County Extension office 892 Airport Road, Rockport, TX (361) 790-0103

Who: All gardeners of all ages!

Working in a Winter Garden

A Gardening Class this Sunday, plus Much More!

June 19, 2013 By Four String Farm in Heritage Farming, How to Plant a Heritage Garden Leave a comment

Intensive Successive Companion Planting

Friends, please join me this Sunday, June 23, from 4:00pm to 6:00pm, for a summer gardening class. The class will be held at the First Baptist Church in Rockport, at 1515 N. Live Oak Street, Rockport, TX 78382.

This event is free and open to the public. Our class will be held in the shade! Bring a lawn chair, a hat, and a passion for wholesome food!

At this class, we will focus on:

1) Preparing the garden from scratch

2) What to plant now in the hottest weather

3) The basics of “Intensive Successive Companion Planting”

Gardeners of all ages and skill levels are welcome. Even if you have never planted a seed, you will go home with the knowledge to start your own successful garden.

Moore than Feed of Rockport is graciously sponsoring this gardening class, and we will have coupons to Moore than Feed for class attendees!

“Summer Nights” on June 23^rd Offers MANY Classes!

As part of the “Summer Nights” program, there will be many other classes in addition to gardening offered this Sunday evening from 4:00pm to 6:00pm. Dr. Robert Edwards, one of the leading bird watching experts in our area, will teach a class. I accompanied him on a bird watching trip in Africa, and all I can say is, please don’t miss a class with Dr. Edwards!

Additionally, there will be classes on crocheting with Bonnie Randall; jewelry making with Heather & Pat Janosky; basic computing skills with Jordan Mims; building mini-gardens with Chris Garis and Sean Janosky; terrariums with June Stamps; and line dancing with Mary Reynolds! Finally, Dr. Phil Roets will teach a class on the art of woodcarving.

Bring your family out for an evening of wholesome entertainment. There is something for everyone to enjoy, outside digging in the dirt, or in the air conditioning learning a beautiful art. I hope to see you there!

“A Summer Gardening Class, plus much more!”

Where: First Baptist Church in Rockport, at 1515 N. Live Oak, Rockport, TX 78382. Call 361-729-6382 for details.

When: Sunday, June 23, from 4:00pm to 6:00pm

Bring a Hat, Sunglasses, and a Cold Drink!

Four String Farm

A Heritage Farm in Rockport, Texas

Category Archives: How to Plant a Heritage Garden

Watering the Garden

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More Techniques for Growing Tomatoes

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Planting the Three Sisters

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Companion Planting with Tomatoes

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Join Me next Tuesday, Feb 4, at 7:00pm, at the South Texas Botanical Gardens!

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The Scent of a Radish

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Planting by the Phases of the Moon

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Gardening Class at Moore than Feed, Saturday, October 19

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Winter Gardening Class Next Wednesday

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A Gardening Class this Sunday, plus Much More!

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